Assessment
Vital Signs & Baseline Physiologic Assessment
Measuring and interpreting temperature, pulse, respiration, and blood pressure using NIH clinical references.
What vitals reveal
MedlinePlus defines vital signs as temperature, pulse, respiration rate, and blood pressure—the core indicators of how the body is functioning.1 Trends matter more than isolated numbers.
Pain is often considered the “fifth vital sign,” though assessment must distinguish acute injury from chronic conditions and cultural expression of discomfort.
Technique and error reduction
Use appropriate cuff size—too small falsely elevates blood pressure. Position the patient with back supported, feet flat, and arm at heart level when possible.
The CDC notes nearly half of U.S. adults have hypertension, many undiagnosed.2 Report critical values immediately per protocol.
When to reassess
Re-measure after interventions: antipyretics, fluid boluses, or bronchodilators. Document time, route, and patient activity level—they all influence readings.
Orthostatic vital signs detect volume depletion—compare lying, sitting, and standing measurements when dizziness or bleeding is suspected.
